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Sir John, who lived most of his life among Muslims and was known by them as Glubb Pasha, sympathetically writes of Islam's founder and lets us feel the desert wind. His sources are the Quran, which he assumes was written down within 20 years of Muhammad's death, and the Hadith, particularly those compiled by Bukhari during Islam's third century. But Islam's "higher critics" are now beginning to debate whether those Muslim traditions represent fact or fiction.

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Ms. Armstrong positively portrays the growth of Islam and apologizes for barbaric parts of it, such as the massacre of the 700 men of the Jewish tribe of Qurayzah in 627: "Had Muhammad simply exiled the Qurayzah they would have swelled the Jewish opposition" to him. She is positive about recent developments as well, and does not see Islam and the West as heading toward collision.

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Ibn Warraq is the pseudonym of a Muslim-raised scholar who risks his life to argue that the Quran was not formulated until two centuries after Muhammad's death. This new book is the most technical of the four. The Quest for the Historical Muhammad (2000) is a better starting point for most readers. The overall thrust is that many of Islam's elements were confused responses to cultural pressures, and that the real Muhammad was probably nothing like the myth.

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Lewis lucidly shows how Islam messed up by setting up obstacles to freedom, science, and economic development. Muslim collectivists did not trust individuals to think for themselves or go out on their own. Westerners lived in Islamic countries and learned from them, but imams never said, Go west, young Muslim. Although Lewis skips the theological basics, he explains well the cultural manifestations.

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In this and two previous books, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam and The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam, Bat Ye'or shows that "human rights" is a meaningless term within Islam. Muslims have rights but others (historically) are "dhimmi," members of conquered minorities allowed to live in Islamic society if they pay extra taxes and put up with enormous scorn and abuse.